According to wave theory of light, the light is a form of energy which travels through a medium in the form of transverse wave motion. Drawing this figure for a light wave does not mean that light rays move up and down in the air. This situation dramatically changed in the 1860s when the scottish physicist james clerk maxwell, in a. However, michelsons and morleys theory disapproved the existence of ether medium. Huygens had a very important insight into the nature of wave propagation which is nowadays called huygens principle. The physics of waves version date february 15, 2015.
No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Most of this relates to the kinematics of waves and how they travel. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics. Mar 23, 2011 youngs double slit experiment shows clearly that light is a wave. The exact nature of visible light is a mystery that has puzzled man for centuries. The theory was spread most significantly by robert hooke and. I hope to convert you to a way of thinking about waves that will permanently change the way you look at the world. The classical interpretation of light as a wave breaks down explaining black bodies and the photoelectric effect. Here you can download the free lecture notes of electromagnetic theory pdf notes emt pdf notes materials with multiple file links to download. If the waves are incoherent, the pattern is not visible. Electromagnetic waves those waves which do not require a material medium for their propagation, are called electromagnetic waves, e. Study material and notes of ch 10 light reflection and refraction class 10th science. Huygens theory was the successful theory of light wave motion in three dimensions.
The weakness of the wave theory was that light waves, like sound waves, would need a medium for transmission. Phys 201 lecture 18 wave theory of light open yale courses. In spite of theoretical and experimental advances in the first half of the 19th century that established the wave properties of light, the nature of light was not yet revealedthe identity of the wave oscillations remained a mystery. According to huygens wave theory, luminiferous ether medium exists everywhere in the universe even in vacuum which is treated as material medium for propagation of light waves. So planck and einstein redefined light as a particle with discrete energies. The mode of propagation of energy from one point to another through the vibration of the particles in the medium.
The emerging light then arrives at the second screen which has two parallel slits s s0 1 and s2. Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation within the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be perceived by the human eye. Light is a form of energy which generally gives the sensation of sight. Hirschberg eindhoven university of technology 28 nov 2019 this is an extended and revised edition of iwde 9206. At this stage you should get a basic understanding of the wave model of light, which involves the idea of light as a complex superposition of many component waves, or elementary waves, each with its own wavelength. The figure is trying to say that electric field at a point is increasing and decreasing oscillating as the light passes by. Have each group, with notes and manuals closed and. Greek scientists from the ancient pythagorean discipline postulated that every visible object emits a steady stream of particles, while aristotle concluded that light travels in a manner similar to waves in the ocean. A wavefront is the locus of all the particles vibrating in same phase. This confusion about the true nature of light continued for some years till a modern quantum theory of light emerged in which light is neither a wave nor a particle the new theory reconciles the particle properties of light with the wave nature. On the other hand, the corpuscular theory could explain the bending of a light beam only by supposing that its speed had to be greater in water. When all three are present, wave phenomena always occur.
The wave theory of light the wave theory of light was the way we first understood light. Like waves in water, light waves encountering the edge of an object appear to bend around the edge and into its geometric shadow, which is a region that is not directly illuminated by the light beam. Hartley department of physics, university of california santa barbara, ca 931069530 usa 1 introduction it is an honor, of course, to participate in this celebration of stephens 60th birthday and to address such a distinguished audience. Did light originate in the eyes or did objects emit light. Early models of light were concerned with the source of light. These corpuscles on emission from the source of light travel in straight line with high velocity when these particles enter the eyes, they produce image of the object or. In 1678, dutch physicist, christiaan huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of the light travels, and therefore formulated a way of.
If you are reading the series in order, then you know that the climax of our study of electricity and magnetism was discovery that light is an electromagnetic wave. Light propagation in optical fibers study notes for electronics and communication engineering. Dec 15, 2015 before exploring newtons theory of light in greater detail, let us turn to the work of his famous contemporary, christiaan huygens. Matter waves these waves are commonly used in modern technology but they are unfamiliar to us. This theory is called huygens wave theory of light. Wave theory of light definition of wave theory of light by.
At the time, of course, nobody took the slightest notice of him. Wave theory of light classroom lecture by pradeep kshetrapal. Dec 11, 2003 i was wondering, there are some formulas used in light wave theory, and when solving those problems its mostly seems to be just plugging in the numbers and thats it, so my question is whether this is ok when solving problems. Displacement of fringes,huyghens principle and interference of light. Notes of ch 10 light reflection class 10th science. This is one of the most important principles of wave analysis which was.
These video tutorials along with short notes will teach you the basics of wave theory of light or wave optics, huygens principle and wave theories of reflection, refraction, superposition and interference, diffraction, and polarization etc for cbse, iitjee, medical entrance and various state board exams preparation. Wave theory of light 12th physics pdf taget publications. Wave theory definition of wave theory by merriamwebster. Notes to the teacher early models of light were concerned with the source of light. The reason is due to the fact that a changing electric field produces a magnetic field and vice versa, and the coupling between the two fields leads to the generation of electromagnetic waves. So that was the end of the classical corpuscular theory. Notes of ch 10 light reflection class 10th science 09 aug, 2017. Energy can be transferred from one point to another in two different ways. Class 12 physics revision notes for chapter 10 wave optics. In order to observe the wave behavior of light, the slit size and separation should be comparable or smaller than the wavelength of light. The wave theory of light was proposed by christiaan huygens.
Light waves can behave like particles photons and waves. He believed that light was a longitudinal wave, and that this wave was propagated through a material called the aether. However, this theory,originally advanced in the late 1600s by huygens and used 123 years later by young to explain doubleslit interference, was very slow in being adopted, largely because it ran counter to newtons theory that light was a stream of particles. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p download book. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400700 nanometers nm, or 4. The huygens principle and the principle of a wave front. Pdf download allen maths chapterwise notes and problems with solutions pdf downoad cengage physics all modules pdf download allen jee mains 2020 minor and major test papers with solutions. Wave theory of light class 12 physics subject notes.
With a model for physical space and light propagation, we nd a way to understand the physical entity of the wave function in quantum mechanics. If you dont see any interesting for you, use our search form on bottom v. Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics. Linear wave theory is the core theory of ocean surface waves used in ocean and coastal engineering and naval architecture. Study material 12th physics wave theory of light 1. Interference superposition of waves in same direction graphical and mathematical phase and pathlength difference application to thin. This fundamentally important observation lends a significant amount of credibility to the wave theory of light. But we had learnt all waves have common characteristic properties such as. Quickly assess your understanding of what light is, and the history of those who worked on the wave theory of light, using this multiple choice quiz and worksheet. In this article, how a light wave behaves like a particle and a wave are explained. Here, in the article we discuss various theories on. His work was later rediscovered after the eventual triumph of wave theory. The light waves emerging from the two slits then interfere and form an interference pattern on the viewing screen.
Topics covered include re ection and transmission at boundaries, dispersion, polarization e ects, di raction, coherence, ray optics and imaging, the propagation of light in matter, and the quantum nature of. If the waves are coherent, the interference pattern is observable and is stable. Find out more by downloading our comprehensive revision notes. Interference is described using real and complex numbers in anticipation of quantum mechanics. In order to observe the wave behavior of light, the slit. Furthermore, as you will see, these principles are a great practical help both in understanding particular wave phenomena and in solving problems. Light diffracts in the same manner that any wave would diffract. The theory could explain reflection and refraction. Online query solving online mcq tests with detailedsolutions online notes and solvedexercises career counseling 2. This is illustrated by the wave model of light and the particle model of light, which together describe the wave particle duality in which light is understood to possess both wave and particle functions.
The dutch astronomer huygens 16291695 proposed a wave theory of light. Download allen kota physics chapterwise notes and problems with solutions all jee mainsadvance study materials available to download for free. Chapter maxwells equations and electromagnetic waves. A monochromatic light source is incident on the first screen which contains a slit. Light light as electromagnetic radiation britannica. This phenomena is called the wave particle nature of light or wave particle duality. Thses waves are associated with electrons, protons and other fundamental particles. These corpuscles on emission from the source of light travel in straight line with high velocity when these particles enter the eyes, they produce image of the object or sensation of vision. When applied to the propagation of light waves, this principle states that. In a vacuum, or other uniform mediums, the light waves are spherical, and these wave surfaces advance or spread out as they travel at the speed of light.
Theories of everything and hawkings wave function of the. Give a brief account of huygens wave theory of light. Many of these processes require calculus and quantum theory to describe them. Class 12 physics chapter 10 wave optics notes pdf download wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. The intensity transmitted by the first sheet is 0 i 2. Theories of everything and hawkings wave function of the universe james b. Youngs double slit experiment shows clearly that light is a wave. We deal with both normal and nonnormal angles of incidence. In 1678, dutch physicist christian huygens proposed a theory to explain the wave nature of light.
This textbook series is billed as the light and matter series, but only now, in the fifth of the six volumes, are we ready to focus on light. Waveparticle duality introduction light waves a level. Objectives aims this chapter is essentially an introduction to the wave theory of light. Light and its nature have caused a lot of ink to flow during these last decades. Linear wave theory part a 1 1 introduction these notes give an elementary introduction to linear wave theory. This is in the direction of thepropagation of light at that point. Physics notes for class 12 chapter 10 wave optics wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. Describe the dual nature of light, as a continuous wave and a discrete particle photon, and give. The existence of the hypothetical substance luminiferous aether proposed by huygens in 1678 was cast into strong doubt in the late nineteenth century by the michelsonmorley experiment. Wave theory of light history, huygens propostions and more.
The theory was spread most significantly by robert hooke and christiaan huygens in the 17th century. You may be familiar with the rectilinear theory of light that purports that light. Every point on a wave front acts as asecondary source of light, sending outsecondary waves. For the incorporation of material parameters and the generation and damping of waves, however, one has to recur to the dynamics of the speci c physical processes that enables them. In the seventeenth century two rival theories of the nature of light were proposed, the wave theory and the corpuscular theory. Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, the spectrum is the collection of all waves, which include visible light, microwaves, radio waves am, fm, sw, xrays, and gamma rays. For our purposes, in understanding how optical instruments work, the wave theory of light is entirely adequate.
First three chaptersbiographical sketch of huygens. In order to observe the wave behavior of light, the slit size and separation should be comparable or smaller than the wavelength. When we deal with transmission of optical signal or reception of optical signal then we go for wave theory. An account of some cases of the production of colors not hitherto described. Jul 31, 2014 please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report. Pdf for many early thinkers and natural philosophers, optics was considered. Huygen, suggested that light wave peaks form surfaces like the layers of an onion. Other articles where wave theory of light is discussed. The huygens principle and the principle of a wave front physics in 1678, haans christian huygens proposed a theory that revolutionized our understanding of light and its characteristics. Mar 01, 20 wave theory of light wave theory of light. May 26, 2014 study material 12th physics wave theory of light 1. Contemporary view r distance from source s to point o on wavefront at aperture.
As we will see, the wave model could satisfactorily explain the phenomena of r eflection and r efraction. Its dual behavior is partly explained by 1doubleslit experiment of thomas young who represents the photons motion as a wave and also by 2the photoelectric effect in which the photon is considered as a particle. Christiaan huygens, thomas young, augustin jean fresnel, franaois arago created date. On the basis of the wave theory, the phenomenon of reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, polarization and total internal reflection of light could be explained. We shall discuss some of the chief topics of wave optics for iit jee here in brief as they have been discussed in detail in the coming sections. Dec 16, 2015 on this page you can read or download wave theory of light 12th physics pdf taget publications in pdf format. Light exhibits certain behaviors that are characteristic of any wave and would be difficult to explain with a purely particleview. The treatment is kept at a level that should be accessible to first year. Cbse notes class 12 physics wave optics aglasem schools.
Light refracts in the same manner that any wave would refract. Light consists of very tiny, elastic, rigid particles known as corpuscular. Wave optics describes the connection between waves and rays of light. Wave theory of light by huygens, fresnel, young, etc in geometric optics we learnt light is a stream of straightgoing particles newton proposed that first then we learnt light is a form of em wave. The size of corpuscular of different colours of light are different. Newtons corpuscular theory light consists of very small invisible elastic particles which travel in vacuum with a speed of 3 x 108 ms. Huygens put forward his wave theory according to which light energy propagated in the form of wave, with the help of wave theory he could successfully explain the phenomenon of reflection and refraction, interference and diffraction all. According to plato, light consisted of filaments or streamers coming from the eyes. The speed of light in a medium is related to the electric and magnetic properties of the medium, and the speed of light in vacuum can be expressed as the speed of light in a material to the material constants. This is illustrated by the wave model of light and the particle model of light, which together describe the waveparticle duality in which light is understood to possess both wave and particle functions. The wave theory of light answers one of the most crucial question in physics the fundamental nature of light. When we have to compare the behaviour of light in two medium then we go for ray theory.
When light enters our eyes we get the sensation of light. Light reflects in the same manner that any wave would reflect. The wave theory and the particle theory of light were long considered to be at odds with. Phys 201 lecture 18 wave theory of light open yale. Therefore transmitted intensity 00 0 ii i 22 this will be the intensity of incident light on the second polaroid. A quite different particle theory of light came with quantum theory in the early part of the twentieth century.
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